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LeetCode 133, Medium. Topics: Hash Table, Depth-First Search, Breadth-First Search, Graph. View on LeetCode. Generate this problem as a practice environment: tested reference solution, 63 parametrized pytest cases, and a playground notebook:

Problem

Given a reference of a node in a connected undirected graph. Return a deep copy (clone) of the graph. Each node in the graph contains a value (int) and a list (List[Node]) of its neighbors.
Test case format: For simplicity, each node’s value is the same as the node’s index (1-indexed). For example, the first node with val == 1, the second node with val == 2, and so on. The graph is represented in the test case using an adjacency list. An adjacency list is a collection of unordered lists used to represent a finite graph. Each list describes the set of neighbors of a node in the graph. The given node will always be the first node with val = 1. You must return the copy of the given node as a reference to the cloned graph.

Examples

Example 1
Explanation: There are 4 nodes in the graph. 1st node (val = 1)‘s neighbors are 2nd node (val = 2) and 4th node (val = 4). 2nd node (val = 2)‘s neighbors are 1st node (val = 1) and 3rd node (val = 3). 3rd node (val = 3)‘s neighbors are 2nd node (val = 2) and 4th node (val = 4). 4th node (val = 4)‘s neighbors are 1st node (val = 1) and 3rd node (val = 3). Example 2
Explanation: Note that the input contains one empty list. The graph consists of only one node with val = 1 and it does not have any neighbors.
Explanation: This an empty graph, it does not have any nodes.

Constraints

  • The number of nodes in the graph is in the range [0, 100].
  • 1 <= Node.val <= 100
  • Node.val is unique for each node.
  • There are no repeated edges and no self-loops in the graph.
  • The Graph is connected and all nodes can be visited starting from the given node.

Solution

Reference implementation from solution.py on GitHub, full suite in test_solution.py:

Complexity

Tags

Grind 75, Grind, Blind 75, NeetCode 150, NeetCode 250, NeetCode All, AlgoMaster 75.
Last modified on August 25, 2026